Tuberculosis of animal origin is currently in the increase, especially in the developing countries like Nigeria where animals and man share microenvironment together coupled with lack of proper control measures. The disease due to Mycobacterium bovis has zoonotic implication. Systematic methodology was adopted where peer-reviewed, scholarly journals in Scopus, PubMed, Google search engines were used. The articles used were on studies in Nigeria and elsewhere and that were published in Nigeria and other parts of the world. It is therefore important to have adequate control programmes, proper food hygienic practices and collaborations between Veterinary and Human Medical Personnel in order to control and later eradicate the disease. The objective of this manuscript was to review the work of earlier workers on tuberculosis in animals and to a certain extent its impact on humans. There is also the need to educate the populace on the dangers of the disease in both human and animals.

A typical case of a 7-years-old Kurdish male shepherd dog was referred with two weeks history of lethargy, restlessness, anorexia and severe emaciation. Physical examination of the dog revealed generalized lymphadenopathy, strong pale mucous membrane, systolic murmur of the heart, vomiting, bloody diarrhea and fever. Hematological abnormalities indicated moderate to marked leukocytosis characterized by 89% neutrophilia with a left shift to progranulocytes and 1.6% presumptive myeloid blasts, marked thrombocytopenia, marked non-regenerative normocytic hypochromic anemia and dysplasia in platelets and neutrophils. The histopathological examination revealed excessive infiltration with neoplastic myeloid cells that invaded all the internal organs. Bone marrow analysis revealed marked hypercellularity with a predominance of immature cells, marked myeloid 6.2%, dysplasia of neutrophils lineage and rare erythroid progenitors and numerous megakaryocytes. Enlargement of superficial and visceral lymph nodes and internal body organs, especially liver and spleen were observed in the autopsy after animal euthanasia. Our results confirmed that this dog was suffering from chronic myeloid leukemia. Statistically, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between the mean value of myeloid blasts in peripheral blood and bone marrow. But, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was found between the mean values of leukocytic ratio in peripheral circulation and bone marrow. This is the first case report study that has been recorded in a native shepherd dog in a rural area around Duhok province/ Iraq.

The current study aims to isolate and identify M. haemolytica from ewes with clinical mastitis using conventional techniques with comparative study to their resistance to several types of antibiotics for the isolated bacteria from udder. The study was carried out in different regions of Nineveh governorate. Two Hundred sixty-six samples (133 milk samples and 133 udder skin swabs) were collected During December 2020, after the clinical examinations of the flocks. The samples were put in test tubes containing Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) Broth; then transferred into the Veterinary Public Health Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul for different bacteriological, biochemical examination and sensitivity tests. The results showed that there is a matching between bacterial isolation ratios of milk and udder skin swabs of sheep affected by clinical mastitis at 51.12%. The results also showed a difference in the sensitivity test between M. haemolytica isolated from milk and skin swabs. It can be concluded that, the improper and indiscriminate use of veterinary medicines is one of the most important causes for the increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics in treated cases without consulting a veterinarian.

Monomicrobial and polymicrobial infections may occur on the cornea, conjunctiva and the eyelid of cats.Corynebacterium species are categorized as nonpathogenic bacteria that are regularly detected in the conjunctiva of healthy cats. It has been reported that Corynebacterium species have been shown to be potentially harmful in a variety of tissues including ocular tissues, skin, and mucous membranes. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the presence of Corynebacterium spp. on the ocular surface and its antimicrobial sensitivity and susceptibility pattern. We investigated Corynebacterium species on the ocular surface and reviewed various species of Corynebacterium in terms of their antimicrobial susceptibility and the underlying molecular resistance mechanisms. The risk for Corynebacterium-related ocular infections in cats with low immunity, such as poor nutrition, corneal epithelial damage due to trauma, corneal perforation, lagophthalmos, chronic incurable glaucoma, long-lasting corneal sequestrum, and long-term use of topical steroids have been identified. 64 cats (78 eyes) of different ages and both sexes with various ocular disorders were swabbed. Corynebacterium spp. represented 34.6 % (n=27) of the collected sample and found to be susceptible to common antibiotics. Therefore, the use of antimicrobials for the treatment of ocular infections caused by Corynebacterium species should be a rational and sensible strategy along with provision of immunostimulants.

This case report aims to emphasize the acute management of a dog with suspected salt intoxication, which consists of a treatment protocol with hematological and Modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MGCS) changes and electrocardiographic (ECG) evaluation. A 6-month-old male mixed-breed dog was admitted to the emergency clinic with complaints of weakness, hypersalivation, vomiting, diarrhea and gait disturbance. It was learned from the owner that the dog was fed on whey for the first time on the morning of the admission day. Salt toxication was suspected based on history and clinical symptoms. The diagnosis was confirmed by laboratory analysis (pH: 7.185, Na: 178 mmol./L, Cl: 155 mmol./L, K: 8.3 mmol./L, HCO3: 16.1 mmol./L, BE: -8.8 mmol./L, BUN: 105.7 mg/dl, creatinine: 5.4 mg/dl, AST: 513 U/L, amylase: 2324 U/L, LDH: 794 U/L, calcium: 11.8 mg/dl, phosphorus: 13.9 mg/dl, cholesterol: 515 mg/dl, magnesium: 3.6 mg/dl, GGT: 62 U/L CPK: 450 U/L and CK-MB: 324.5 U/L), ECG (sinus tachycardia (180 bpm) and mild ST depression) and MGCS evaluation (pre-treatment score; 7, grave). A treatment protocol including fluid therapy, antiemetic, diuretic, anticonvulsant, beta-blocker to prevent sodium retention and oxygen therapy was administrated to the dog during the hospitalization period. It was observed that the clinical findings and MGCS score improved and some blood parameters returned to their reference range on Day 2. Since the dog died on Day 3 after the hospitalization period, which was terminated at the owners request, it was concluded that an adequate hospitalization period is important. The presented treatment protocol with MGCS evaluation in salt toxicity was successful enough only in acute management.

Johne’s disease is an international healthiness problem affecting ruminants. It is caused by Myobacterium avium spp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It has serious production-limiting important and also caused significant cost-effective loss in flocks due to direct impact on delayed/reduced breeding, infertility, culling, mortality, and milk reduction. This disease is problematic to diagnose because of elongated incubation times. Proof of identity this disease subclinical can shed the organism as a source of infection for other herds; so, it is critical for control. The present study deals with the morphological (grossly, histopathologically and histochemically) characterization of the disease in cattle. The corpse appears hidebound with sunken eyes and with persistent and non- responsive diarrhea. The necropsy of visceral showed gelatinization and outlying fat. Grossly chiefly pathological alterations in digestive tract such as severe congested of small intestine with marked thickening of its wall a combined with enlargement of mesenteric lymph nodes and gallbladder appear distension with severe thickening walls and blood mixed with bile. Histopathological examinations revealed severe infiltrations of inflammatory cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, and epithelioid cells with multiple langhans giant cells in bowel layers and mesenteric lymph nodes with diffuse lepromatous reaction were observed in these lymph nodes and other organs like liver, tonsils and kidney.

This study aimed to search the extent of spread of various canine parvovirus variants in Egypt from year 2019 to year 2020 and the ability of the present used vaccines in the protection .In this study, twenty fecal samples were collected from diarrheic puppies. These samples were tested by rapid CPV Ag test kits for the detection of CPV-2 Ag. Ten samples were found positive for CPV2 by rapid Ag test kit (VDRG CPV Ag rapid kit).Positive samples were propagated on Vero cell culture for 8 passages, CPE appears in the form of cell rounding and detachment within 5 days. A conventional polymerase chain reaction test was performed on tissue culture isolates. Partial sequencing of five randomly selected positive samples revealed the presence of 2 CPV2C and 3 CPV2B.CPV2B represents the highest level of the variant serotype of CPV circulating in Egypt through records of egyptian isolated cases at the gene bank . One of the isolate has 100% identity with a CPV2B of cat origin. Our isolates CPVS1 and CPVS4 have 100% nucleotide identity with each other and with CPV cairo1-19 and CPV cairo3-19 belonging to CPV2C , this variant is also widespread all over the country. Continuous accurate molecular and epidemiological studies are needed to follow-up the new mutation of the virus genome which may result in vaccination failure(The majority of the used vaccines in Egypt are of CPV2 origin not of variant origin). The use of CPV2b based vaccine gave better protection than cpv2 based vaccine(Wide range protection against CPV2 variants). The obvious spread and emergence of newly introduced CPV variants at different Egyptian governorates as cited at previous study necessitates updated molecular based epidemiological studies of field isolates continuously to follow up the efficacy of the concurrent used vaccines.

This study aimed to search the extent of spread of various canine parvovirus variants in Egypt from year 2019 to year 2020 and the ability of the present used vaccines in the protection .In this study, twenty fecal samples were collected from diarrheic puppies. These samples were tested by rapid CPV Ag test kits for the detection of CPV-2 Ag. Ten samples were found positive for CPV2 by rapid Ag test kit (VDRG CPV Ag rapid kit). Positive samples were propagated on Vero cell culture for 8 passages, CPE appears in the form of cell rounding and detachment within 5 days. A conventional polymerase chain reaction test was performed on tissue culture isolates. Partial sequencing of five randomly selected positive samples revealed the presence of 2 CPV2C and 3 CPV2B.CPV2B represents the highest level of the variant serotype of CPV circulating in Egypt through records of egyptian isolated cases at the gene bank . One of the isolate has 100% identity with a CPV2B of cat origin. Our isolates CPVS1 and CPVS4 have 100% nucleotide identity with each other and with CPV cairo1-19 and CPV cairo3-19 belonging to CPV2C , this variant is also widespread all over the country. Continuous accurate molecular and epidemiological studies are needed to follow-up the new mutation of the virus genome which may result in vaccination failure (The majority of the used vaccines in Egypt are of CPV2 origin not of variant origin). The use of CPV2b based vaccine gave better protection than cpv2 based vaccine (Wide range protection against CPV2 variants). The obvious spread and emergence of newly introduced CPV variants at different Egyptian governorates as cited at previous study necessitates updated molecular based epidemiological studies of field isolates continuously to follow up the efficacy of the concurrent used vaccines.

Bovine mastitis is a costly disease in the dairy farms globally. The control of such disease is generally based on the prevention by the strict hygienic measures during milking. Other approaches include vaccination and the application of antibiotics. Regardless to these procedures, mastitis is not entirely under the control, thus increasing the need for alternative tactics. This study was conducted to isolate and identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from fresh cows milk which possess antibacterial activity that could be used for mastitis control. 146 isolates were recognized as (LAB) from105 milk tanks samples after being cultured anaerobically on de Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar plates for 48 hours at 37 oC and identified by general bacteriological investigation. Afterwards, 24 isolates were identified to belong to genus Lactobacillus using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and for species level recognition MALDI-TOF MS (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry) was used resulted in : L. fermentum (5), L. brevis (3), L. plantarum (4), L. paracasei (2), L. rhamnosus (3), L. pentosus (2), L. casei (3), L. raffinolactis (1) and L. mesenteroids (1). The antimicrobial activity of these strains against one of the major mastitis pathogens, S. aureus,was detected by the agar well diffusion assay and the modified double layer method , where L. casei, L. fermentum andL. plantarum possess the most inhibiting effect besides they have no hemolytic nor gelatin liquefaction activity when their safety profiles were evaluated. The result of the antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that these isolates were resistant to vancomycin (VA), neomycin (N) and gentamycin (CN). On the other hands, they were highly sensitive to amoxicillin clavulanic acid (AMC), levamisole (LEV), tetracycline (TE) and penicillin (P).The study suggests that L. casei, L. fermentum and L. plantarum are perfect candidates to be used as probiotics to help in preventing and controlling bovine mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus as they were proven to be safe and have antimicrobial activity againstthe organism.

Deltamethrin (DLM) is a synthetic pyrethroid type-II known to cause many adverse effects in experimental animals such as endocrine disruption, reproductive toxicity, and negative impact on gametogenesis. The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective role ofwheat germ oil against reproductive toxicity induced by Deltamethrin (DLM) in male albino rats through evaluation of semen picture, measuring the testosterone levels,DNA fragmentation percentage and pathologic changes of the testes. Thirty male rats were divided into three groups (10 each); the first group (C) was administered with normal saline, the second group was given (DLM) at a dose of (6 mg/kg. B.W. of rats) andthe third group (DLM+WGO) was treated with wheat germ oil (1.5 ml/Kg. B.W. of rats),and after one h DLM (6 mg/kg. B.W. of rats) was administered. All treatments were orally given using stomach gavage for 30 days. The rats were left for 65 days of treatment to complete time of one spermatogenesis and maturation of sperms in epididymis then sacrificed and blood samples were collected, testes and epididymis were removed, weighted, and examined histopathologically. DLM administration significantly decreased the weight of testes and adversely affected the semen quality. Testosterone levels were significantly reduced. There is a significant elevation in the DNA laddering percentage in the DLM group compared to the C group. Histopathological examination of the testes revealed that DLM induced changes in the form of distorted seminiferous tubules with intraluminal sloughing degenerated spermatogenic cells. Also there is marked interstitial edema and congestion. The co-administration of DLM with wheat germ showed improvement in weight of testes, semen pictures, testosterone level and a significant reduction in the DNA laddering percentage compared to DLM group. It can be concluded that, the wheat germ oil can mitigate the adverse effects of DLM on male fertility, and leads to improvement of male reproductive performance.

The aim of this study was to conclude the effect of feed frequencies and amount on growth performance, carcass traits, physiological responses and behaviors of broilers chicks. One hundred Ross broiler chicks at 7 days old were randomly assigned into five regimens (20 chicks per each program with two replicate). Experimental design were as follows; T1: feeding once a day (100% diet at 6:30), T2: two equal feedings per day (50% of total diet at 6:30 and 18:30), T3: two feedings per day (75% at 6:30 and 25% at 18:30), T4: three equal feedings per day (33.33% at 6:30, 12:30 and 18:30) and T5: three feedings per day as 50% of diet at 6:30, 25% at 12:30 and 25% at 18:30.Chicks were fed with commercial broiler diet for five weeks. The obtained results indicated that offering two equal feeding times per day was significant (p < 0.05) improved overall body weight, body weight gain and average daily gain of broiler chicks. Chicks fed single, twice per day and three times of 4th regimen showed higher feed intake than chicks of 3rd and 5th regimens. Feed frequencies had significant (P<0.05) effect on percent of carcass, spleen and intestine percentage. High proportion of chicks of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th feeding regimens showed significant more feeding and preening behaviors than chicks of 5th regimen. Chicks of 5th regimen exhibited significantly higher foraging behavior than those of 3rd and 4th regimens. Moreover, feeding frequency with different amount of feed decreased the duration of tonic immobility test means less stressful and high chick welfare. T2 showed significant increasing on heterophil, total protein, globulin, serum glucose and growth hormone levels in comparison to the other groups, as well as a lower albumin/globulin ratio and albumin. In conclusion, two equal feeding per day (T2) might be a desirable feeding approach that might produce good healthy birds with maximum growth performance and improved welfare.

This review was intended to elucidate the role of antioxidants in poultry feed formula on birds ecophysiology. Naturally, many compounds have antioxidant features, including fat and water-soluble compounds, which can either be synthesized by the body or supplemented with a diet. The additive of antioxidants on poultry fodder is usually utilized in order to elevate the steadiness of feed. Nevertheless, some antioxidants are believed to have biological consequences in vivo. Oxidative stress clues to biological destruction, which in turn can disturb growth and production in farmstead animals. These Stressful factors are created reactive oxygen species. Therefore, the natural and synthetic antioxidants that add to animal feed are important to diminish the free radicals that are thought to unfavorably on growth, immune status, elevated lipid rancidity, and poor quality of meat. Supplementation of balanced feed with many ingredients including natural and synthetic antioxidants will improve the birds performance and other physiological aspects by reducing the significant effects of free radicals. In conclusion, feed additive including antioxidants integrated with feed formula is beneficial and valuable to exclude and prevent the destructive effects of reactive oxygen species on physiological aspects of vital organs, maintenance of homeostasis, Repair and removal of harmed particles, activation of apoptosis and finally limit of mutagenesis.

Fluoride was the first compound utilized in the fluoridation of drinking water, and still used today to prevent dental caries. Sodium fluoride exerts it toxic effects on different organs. Ovarian follicle considered as the fundamental unit of ovary. The current work aimed to study the toxic effects of sodium fluoride (NaF) on the number and diameters of ovarian follicles. Twenty seven adults, non-pregnant female albino rats were used in this study. Rats were randomly divided into three equal groups. The 1st group was untreated group, 2nd group was treated with 150ppm of sodium fluoride by gavage daily for 90 days and the third group was treated with sodium fluoride (300ppm) by gavage daily for 90 days. The sodium fluoride had adverse effects on the number and diameters of ovarian follicle in both treated groups in contrast to the control group. Also in addition, inhibition of the maturation of ovarian follicles. These results suggest that sodium fluoride damage the structures of ovary, and has adverse effects on the coefficient of the female reproductive system.